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Notes and Bibliography

Cover Image: 

Featured image: The "WCTU Ice Water Fountain" and its sculptor, Elsie Ward, at the World's Fair in St. Louis, MO. This photo appeared on the cover of the WCTU's Union Signal newspaper, July 7, 1904. The bronze fountain, which cost $3000, was funded by contributions from WCTU members in the states which had been part of the Louisiana Purchase. It was formally dedicated on July 2, 1904. It stood on the Plaza of St. Louis at the head of the Grand Basin. Elsie Ward's design had been the winning entry in a contest open to women sculptors worldwide. Ward received $2500 when the sculpture was completed. The style of the fountain was French Renaissance; the bronze figure, standing on a pedestal decorated with lilies, represented a woman carrying a child along the path of temperance and right living.

Notes

Introduction:  

Mattingly, Carol. “Woman’s Temple, Women’s Fountains: The Erasure of Public Memory.” American Studies 49, no. 3/4 (2008): 133–56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40930400.

Ward, Sarah. WCTU Drinking Fountains. National Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 2007.

For more on the history of drinking fountains in the US, see also

Smith, Carl S. City Water, City Life : Water and the Infrastructure of Ideas in Urbanizing Philadelphia, Boston, and Chicago. Chicago ;: University of Chicago Press, 2013.

Sources about specific fountains feaured in this exhibit:

Barrett, Don. “Reedley, CA WCTU Fountain and band shell (0604).” August 30, 2013. http://www.ipernity.com/doc/donbrr/25324865 

“Beaumont: Water fountain dedicated on Christmas Day, 1910”. Press-Enterprise. December 24, 2011. https://www.pe.com/2011/12/24/beaumont-water-fountain-dedicated-on-christmas-day-1910/

Castanier, Bill. “Turner and hooch.” Lansing City Pulse. June 25, 2014. https://lansingcitypulse.com/stories/turner-and-hooch,6205 

“Children’s Temperance Fountain - Detroit Michigan.” Smithsonian Art Inventory Sculptures. Waymarking. January 24, 2010. https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/wm8476_Childrens_Temperance_Fountain_Detroit_Michigan 

Dixon, Mike. “WCTU Fountain on Penn Square in Reading.” Dixon History. February 15, 2021. https://www.dixonhistory.com/news/wctu-fountain-in-reading/

Fischer, William. “Women’s Christian Temperance Union Fountain 1912: Iowa Historic Site.” HMdb. August 25, 2015. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=87720 

“Glassboro completes final phase of Town Square with new fountain, restrooms.” South Jersey Times. September 9, 2019. https://www.nj.com/south/2019/09/glassboro-completes-final-phase-of-town-square-with-new-fountain-restrooms.html 

Gobetz, Wally. “Atlanta - Downtown: Georgia State Capitol - Mary Latimer McLendon Fountain.” Flickr. May 7, 2013. https://www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/9163136777 

Hamby, Taylor. “A Tale of Two Fountains: Old Towne Orange’s Historic Fountain is a New Deal Relic.” OC Weekly. February 1, 2018. https://www.ocweekly.com/a-tale-of-two-fountains-old-towne-oranges-historic-fountain-is-a-new-deal-relic/

Herald and Review, “Photographs of the WCTU Fountain,” Decatur Public Library Local History Photo Collection, accessed March 31, 2022, http://omeka.decaturlibrary.org/items/show/3151.

Highsmith, Carol M, photographer. A 12-foot-high statue of Hebe, the goddess of youth serving nectar and ambrosia, surmounting a fountain in a Roseburg, Oregon, park, was erected in 1908 as a tribute to the then-popular temperance anti-alcohol movement. -05-06. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/2018698174/>.

“Lady Henry Somerset’s Children’s Fountain.” Statues - Hither & Thither. August 4, 2014. https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?webpage=ST&record=gblo072

“Lion Fountain.” Evergreene Architectural Arts. https://evergreene.com/projects/lion-fountain/ 

Martin, Grant. “Bryd Park’s temperance fountain: A wet monument to a dry cause.” RVANews. February 23, 2015. https://rvanews.com/entertainment/byrd-parks-temperance-fountain-a-wet-monument-to-a-dry-cause/122485 

“On the Road to Discovery: Beautiful Downtown Lapeer.” The County Press. May 22, 2021. https://thecountypress.mihomepaper.com/articles/on-the-road-to-discovery-beautiful-downtown-lapeer/ 

Pease, Charles Stanley. History of Conway (Massachusetts) 1767-1917. Springfield Printing and Binding Company, 1917. 

“Quebec City Fountains.” Memorial Drinking Fountains. April 4, 2017. https://memorialdrinkingfountains.wordpress.com/2017/04/04/quebec-city-fountains/

“Rebecca at the Well Fountain.” Memorial Drinking Fountains. March 2, 2015. https://memorialdrinkingfountains.wordpress.com/2015/03/02/rebecca-at-the-well-fountain/ 

Rhodes, George. “The highs and lows of Prohibition: Historic era left its mark on area, nation.” The Sun Chronicle. January 18, 2020. https://www.thesunchronicle.com/news/local_news/the-highs-and-lows-of-prohibition-historic-era-left-its-mark-on-area-nation/article_728ba814-d6db-5de6-ac91-ba6646563d51.html 

“Riverside, California: Temperance Water Fountain.” Memorial Drinking Fountains. June 1, 2016. https://memorialdrinkingfountains.wordpress.com/tag/riverside-california/ 

Scanlon, Patrick. “‘Erected by the WCTU’ The Temperance fountains of Western New York.” Buffalo Spree. November 30, 2020. https://www.buffalospree.com/wny_life/erected-by-the-wctu/article_6f4346c6-fe87-11ea-9b82-4ffcb5c63be5.html 

“Small Town History Revealed.” Café Rosé Iowa. 2016. https://www.caferoseiowa.com/history 

“Sodus Fountain - Page.” Town of Sodus Historical Society. 2022. http://townofsodushistoricalsociety.org/plaques/sodus/sodus-fountain-page/ 

“Temperance Fountain,” DC Historic Sites, accessed March 31, 2022, https://historicsites.dcpreservation.org/items/show/587 

“The Little Water Girl.” Public Art Portland. https://www.publicartportland.org/project/the-little-water-girl/ 

“Tompkins Square Temperance Fountain.” Atlas Obscura. May 2, 2017. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/tompkins-square-temperance-fountain 

“Water Fountain Weona Park Pen Argyl PA.” Flickr. June 9, 2012. https://www.flickr.com/photos/modbetty/7405002428 

“WCTU Drinking Fountain, Melbourne.” Flickr. February 8, 2016. https://www.flickr.com/photos/29289211@N05/24865697216

“WCTU Fountain Selma California.” Calisphere University of California. Online Archive of California. https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/kt1m3nc549/ 

“Women’s Christian Temperance Union Fountain - 1904 - Orange, MA.” Waymarking. August 6, 2017. https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMWB2K_Womens_Christian_Temperance_Union_Fountain_1904_Orange_MA 

“Women’s Christian Temperance Union Fountain - 1912 - Ocean City, NJ.” Waymarking. August 5, 2015. https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMPBQ4_Womens_Christian_Temperance_Union_Fountain_1912_Ocean_City_NJ 

Yeo, Douglas. “Public Drinking Fountain (“Chief Konkapot”).” 2013. http://www.yeodoug.com/resources/dc_french/lee/dcfrench_lee_fountain.html 

Notes and Bibliography